豆豆的博客

拯救紫坪铺水库

阳光灿烂，外面阳光灿烂，秋天的那种妩媚的灿烂，我坐在阴面的办公室里，无限向往。

明天要出差，突然闲了下来，做这个项目到现在，终于做到可以不那么紧张了，9月，跟天蝎运势说得极其相似。

女足进入下一轮了

快过中秋了

国庆也不远了

我还不知道国庆剩的几天假能做什么

我妈妈的电脑坏了

唐唐在开运动会

其他人也都在各自忙各自的

我终于会废话连篇的唠叨了

 记号

唐唐于2007年8月12日完全放弃狡兔两窟，自觉遵守好男人决不在外过夜的优良传统，嘉奖！

爸妈来看我，没几天妈妈就生病了，一天到晚吃不下东西，高烧，腹泻，身体虚弱的很，看着她消瘦又驮了的背，突然知道什么叫心疼。

妈妈一直都是个坚强的女人，印象里很少有她病的利害的时候。即使是她一个人带我和哥哥又有心脏问题的时候，我也从来不知道什么叫担心，因为她从不让我们看到她要被生活或者病痛压倒。去年她得了带状疱疹那么痛的病似乎也没有对她有很大的影响，只是很认真地吃药，不太喜欢走动。这次看着她虚弱的样子，我知道，妈妈老了。

最近几年，我渐渐明白什么是骨肉亲人，就是不论你是什么样子，不论怎么失败，都对你不离不弃的人。妈妈是我的骨肉亲人。

不论是我违背爸爸意愿只身跑去青海的时候，还是感情生活失败的时候，妈妈选择了默默地站到我的战壕，满眼心疼，却很坚定让我做自己想做的事。路是走出来的，没有哪一条就是唯一正确的。做你想做的，百分百努力过，失败了也没什么大不了的，是她在枕边常常跟我说的话。去年，她知道我婚姻失败，付出了自己的一切，还是只能感动自己，无声地流着眼泪，却很坚定地跟我说，我的女儿我明白，以后再不要苦着自己，不管你做什么，只要你自己觉得开心，爸妈永远支持你。之后，我才放下身上重重的包袱，学着让自己开心。

妈妈一辈子过得都很艰辛，很晚才有我和哥哥，一个人把我俩带大，爸爸在我上小学2年级的时候才回来，可能是一个人的时间太长了，感情里多了很多沉淀过得东西，她总是用自己最朴素的情感分析面前发生的一切。她自己生命里错过了很多东西，对待女儿的时候，就再不愿意拿世俗的东西当套索，她说知道做女人不容易，希望女儿幸福。

我从小喜欢爸爸，崇拜爸爸，可是到后来才慢慢发现我身上像妈妈的地方原来更多，真的是大了才慢慢懂老妈。

希望老妈健康长寿，让女儿有更多的机会跟老妈聊天。

今天起床就起了3遍，站到洗脸池边了又回去睡了两次，困啊，难得这么凉爽的天,不睡觉真是可惜了了。

唐唐更过分，我终于洗了脸去上班的时候他还跟小猪一样赖在床上，转着圈儿地睡，真是纳了闷儿就，一个人睡觉咋就需要那么大的地方呢。

一上午就发了几个邮件，正事没干多少。

现在还是觉得魂不守舍的，似乎元神在千里之外

51去买了个相机，自从去年把相机丢了就没怎么拍照。一整天都拿相机当玩具了，扑捉到北京很多的绿色，很让自己吃了一惊，原来天天被自己抱怨的北京这几年变化了这么多呢。

52 串门了，跟着唐唐。他的两个同学，一家的小女儿3个月大，另一家的儿子两岁大。两个都超可爱，看得出来唐唐特别喜欢小孩。我也喜欢，但我更喜欢别人家的，呵呵呵。就像喜欢宠物，只喜欢别人家的一样。还真没勇气要个孩子，时间、精力、财力。。。有了孩子生活肯定全变了。发现自己过了想要孩子的冲动了。

53 去密云水库了，天气很好，越往北走，天越加的蓝，干干净净的蓝，有几朵很轻盈的云，一抹一抹的在天边，懒懒的。拿着我的玩具相机一路照过去，真的，发现北京的北面植被还是相当不错，高速路两边都是深深浅浅的绿色，远处的山上也是郁郁葱葱了。进了密云县城，被那里的干净整洁和色彩分明的别墅小区所吸引，不停的跟唐唐念叨在密云买房子，呵呵。我们把车停在一个农家院子里，然后从后院向水库迈进（一般来说游客是不允许靠近水库的，因为水库是北京的饮用水水源地，我俩向来自律，绝不会做任何破坏活动，所以还是被那一片蔚蓝吸引着跨过草地农田，一步步挨过去）。游人不多，虽然发现几个很不自觉地下了水游泳的，其他人都很自律。跟唐唐翻了几个小山包包，看到头羊如何集合它的团队，捡了好些贝壳，坐在水边的石头上赞叹了半天水的洁净，然后被管理人员喊话，须火速撤离。我俩也很尽兴了，虽然没有抓蝌蚪。回到小院吃鱼，唐唐还跟厨房要了大葱和生黄瓜，哈哈，我也没少吃。回家的路上从密云县城就开始堵车，我玩累了，一路睡死过去，直到唐唐从高速撤离，走了一条很具挑战的河边小路，我才被颠清醒。晚上又去吃一大堆解大姐烤串。心满意足回家。

54 唐唐因昨天的烤串在家腹泻，卧床一整天（我无任何异样感觉，再次证明俺的钢铁肠胃）。原定买床计划再度推迟。从一早开始就被任大小姐短信“纠缠”，只好答应她和另一美女第二天逛街，也就是55。明天燕燕和阿月也回来了，饭饭今天也电话来约出去玩，明天一起商量吧。

Chemical Glossary 2 (I-Z)

- I -

impedance: total opposition to flow of current, measured in ohms; combined effort of resistance, inductance, and capacitance.

incineration: the combustion of organic matter in wastewater sludge solids after water evaporation from the solids.

indicator: a compound that changes color at a particular pH, or over a particular narrow range of pH, used to show titration end points.

influent: sewage, water or other liquid, either raw or partly treated, flowing into a reservoir basin, or treatment plant or any part thereof.

ion: an isolated electron or positron; an atom or molecule which by loss or gain of one or more electrons has acquired a net electric charge.

ion exchange: a chemical reaction in which mobile hydrated ions of a solid are exchanged, equivalent for equivalent, for ions of like charge in solution. The process can be used to remove ionic pollutants from wastewater.

ionization: a process by which a neutral atom or molecule loses or gains electrons, thereby acquiring a net charge and becoming an ion; occurs as the result of the dissociation of the atoms of a molecule in solution or of a gas in an electric field.

isomer: chemical compound that has the same number, and kinds of atoms as another compound, but a different structural arrangement of the atoms.

to top

- J -

jackson turbidity unit (JTU): a measure of the turbidity of water, proportional to the ppm silica, where 100 ppm silica equals 21.5 JTU. This method was the standard for turbidity for many years; it applied the use of a candle, measuring tube, and the human eye for determining the value. This method has since been replaced by the use of a known turbidity standard, Formazin, and the use of analytical instruments that will detect forward-scattered light and light scattered at 90 degrees.

JTU: see jackson turbidity unit.

to top

- K -

(empty)

to top

- L -

lagoon: in wastewater treatment, a shallow pond where sunlight, bacterial action, and oxygen interact to restore wastewater to a reasonable state of purity.

lime: any of a family of chemicals consisting essentially of calcium hydroxide made from limestone (calcite) which is composed mostly of calcium carbonate or a mixture of calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate.

limnology: the study of the physical, chemical, meteorological and biological aspects of fresh water.

to top

- M -

manometer: an instrument for measuring pressure liquids and gasses. It usually consists of a U-shaped tube containing a liquid, the surface of which is in one end of the tube; moves proportionally with changes in pressure on the liquid in the other end. Also, a tube type differential pressure gauge.

mass: the quantity of matter in a body as measured by its resistance to a change in acceleration; different but proportional to weight.

mass number: the total number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.

meniscus: the curved upper surface of a non-turbulent liquid in a container; it is concave (curves upward) if it wets the container walls, and convex (curves downward) if it does not. For accurate measurements, readings should be taken at the flat center of the meniscus.

micro: a prefix meaning one-millionth of a unit.

microorganism: organisms (microbes) observable only through a microscope; larger, visible types are called macroorganisms.

milligrams per liter (mg/l): this is a weight per volume designation used in water and wastewater analysis. 1mg/L = 1ppm.

molal: a solution concentration having a mole of solute per 1,000 grams of solvent, usually water.

molality: a measure of solution concentration expressed in moles of solute per 1,000 grams of solvent.

molar: a solution concentration having one mole of solute per liter of solution.

molarity: a measure of solution concentration expressed in moles of solute per liter of solution.

mole: an amount of a substance weighing the number of grams equal to the total atomic weight in one molecule (or atom). Equivalent to gram-atomic, gram-molecular, and gram-formula weights.

molecular weight: the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule.

molecule: the simplest structural unit of a substance that retains the properties of the substance, and is composed of one or more atoms.

most probable number (MPN): that number of organisms per unit volume that, in accordance with statistical theory, would be more likely than any other number to be yielded with the greatest frequency in a specific test. Expressed as density of organisms per 100 ml. Results are computed from the number of positive findings of coliform-group organisms resulting from multiple-portion decimal-dilution plantings.

to top

- N -

nephelometer: an instrument that measures scattered light in a liquid.

nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU): a standard unit of turbidity measurement, equivalent to FNU.

neutralization: chemical addition of either acid or base to a solution such that the pH is adjusted to 7.

neutron: an uncharged sub-atomic particle, with a mass nearly equal to that of a proton. Present in the nucleus of all atoms except hydrogen.

nitrification: the conversion of nitrogenous matter or free nitrogen into nitrates and ammonia by bacteria.

non-ionic surfactants: a general family of surfactants so called because in solution the entire molecule remains associated. Non-ionic molecules orient themselves at surfaces not by an electrical charge, but through separate grease-solublizing and water-soluble groups within the molecule.

nonsettleable matter: the suspended matter which neither settles nor floats to the surface of water in a period of one hour.

nonsettleable solids: wastewater matter that will stay in suspension for an extended period of time. Such period may be arbitrarily taken for testing purposes as one hour.

normal: a solution concentration of one gram equivalent per liter of solution.

normality: a measure of solution concentration expressed in equivalent weights of solute per liter of solution.

NTU: see nephelometric turbidity unit.

nutrients: materials which are considered essential to the support of biological life.

to top

- O -

ohm: a unit of electrical resistance equal to that of a conductor in which a current of one ampere is produced by a potential of one volt across its terminals.

organic matter: chemical compounds based on carbon chains or rings, and also containing hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, or other compounds.

organic nitrogen: nitrogen combined in organic molecules such as protein, amines, and amino acids.

orthophosphate: an acid or salt containing phosphorus as PO₄, such as K₃PO₄ (potassium phosphate).

oxidant: a chemical agent that oxidizes.

oxidation: in a broad sense oxidation is the increase in positive valence of any element in a substance. On the basis of the electron theory, oxidation is a process in which an element losses electrons. In a narrow sense, oxidation means the chemical addition of oxygen to a substance.

ozone: oxygen in molecular form with three atoms of oxygen forming each molecule (O₃). Atmospheric oxygen is molecular in form but each molecule contains only two atoms of oxygen. Ozone is formed by passing high voltage electric charges through dry air. The third atom of oxygen in each molecule of ozone is loosely bound and is easily released, thus making it a powerful oxidant; used to purify water and treat industrial wastes.

to top

- P -

parts per million (ppm): the unit commonly used to represent the degree of pollutant concentration where the concentrations are small. Larger concentrations are given in percentages. 1ppm = 1mg/L. In BOD analysis, the results are expressed in ppm, whereas in the suspended solids test, the values are expressed in percents. In air, ppm is usually a volume/volume ratio; in water, ppm represents a weight/volume ratio.

pathogenic bacteria: bacteria which may cause disease in the organisms by their parasitic growth.

period: a series of elements, arranged in order of atomic number represented by a horizontal row on the Periodic Table.

periodic table: a table in which the elements are commonly arranged in order of increasing atomic number. Elements of similar properties are placed one under the other, yielding eight families or groups of elements. Within each group there is a gradation of chemical and physical properties, but in general a similarity of chemical behavior. From group to group, however, there is a progressive shift of chemical behavior from one end of the table to the other.

pH: the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration (-log10[H⁺]) where H⁺ is the hydrogen-ion concentration in moles per liter. Neutral water has a pH value of 7.

pH adjustment: a means of maintaining the optimum pH through the use of chemical additives.

phenolphthalein alkalinity: a measure of the hydroxides plus one-half of the normal carbonates in aqueous suspension. Measured by the amount of sulfuric acid required to bring the water to a pH value of 8.3, as indicated by a change in color of phenolphthalein. It is expressed in ppm of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃).

potable water: water suitable for drinking or cooking purposes from both health and aesthetic considerations.

prechlorination: chlorination of water prior to filtration, or chlorination of sewage prior to treatment.

precipitant: a chemical or chemicals that cause a precipitate to form when added to a solution.

precipitate: the discrete particles of material separate from the liquid solution.

precipitation, chemical: to cause a solid substance to be separated (precipitate out) of a solution by the addition of chemical additives; the process of softening water by the addition of lime and soda ash as the precipitants.

pretreatment: any wastewater treatment process used to partially reduce pollution load before the wastewater is introduced into a main sewer system or delivered to a treatment plant; a substantial reduction of the pollution load.

process, biological: the process by which the life activities of bacteria, and other microorganisms in the search for food, break down complex organic material into simple, more stable substances. Self-purification of sewage, polluted streams, sludge digestion, and all so-called secondary sewage treatments result from this process. Also called biochemical process.

process, oxidation: any method of sewage treatment for the oxidation of the decomposable organic matter that brings about the decomposition of such matter. The usual methods are biological filtration, and activated sludge processes.

proton: a sub-atomic particle, positively charged, in the nucleus of atoms.

putrefaction: biological decomposition of organic matter accompanied by the production of a foul smell associated with anaerobic condition.

to top

- Q -

quantitative analysis: chemical determination of the amounts or proportions of constituents in a substance.

to top

- R -

radical: an atom or group of atoms with at least one unpaired electrons.

reagent: a chemical substance used to cause a reaction for the purpose of chemical analysis.

recorder: a device that makes a graph or other automatic record of the stage, pressure, depth, velocity, or the movement or position of water controlling devices, usually as a function of time.

reduction: chemical reaction in which an atom or molecule gains an electron; decrease in positive valence; addition of hydrogen to a molecule.

reduction treatment: the opposite of oxidation treatment wherein a reductant is used to lower the valence state of a pollutant to a less toxic form; e.g. the use of SO₂ to reduce Cr⁶⁺ to Cr³⁺ in an acidic solution.

residual chlorine: chlorine remaining in water or wastewater at the end of specified contact period as combined or free chlorine.

resistance: the opposition which a device or material offers to the flow of current; measured in ohms.

resistor: a component of an electrical circuit intended to offer resistance to electrical current flow.

to top

- S -

salinity: (1) the relative concentration of salts, usually sodium chloride, in a given water. It is usually expressed in terms of the number of ppm of chloride. (2) a measure of the concentration of dissolved mineral substances in water.

salt: any compound formed by combination of any negative ion (except hydroxide) with any positive ion (except hydrogen or hydronium); the precipitate produced as the result of neutralization of an acid with a base.

saturated: (1) in organics, a chemical compound with all carbon bonds satisfied; it does not contain double or triple bonds and thus cannot add elements or compounds. (2) in liquids, a solution that contains enough of a dissolved solid, liquid, or gas so that no more will dissolve into the solution at a given temperature and pressure.

scale: the precipitate that forms on surfaces in contact with water as the results of a physical or chemical change, often due to the presence of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) or magnesium carbonate (MgCO₃).

sedimentation: the deposition of suspended matter carried by water, wastewater, or other liquids, by gravity. It is usually accomplished by reducing the velocity of the liquid below the point at which it can transport the suspended material. Also called settling.

settleable solids: particles of debris and fine matter heavy enough to settle out of wastewater.

sewage: the total of organic waste and wastewater generated by residential and commercial establishments.

sewage, combined: a sewage containing both sanitary sewage and surface or storm water with or without industrial wastes.

sewage, dilute: sewage containing less than 150 ppm of suspended solids and BOD (weak sewage).

sewage, industrial: sewage in which industrial wastes predominate.

sewage, raw: sewage prior to receiving any treatment.

sewage, settled: sewage from which most of the settleable solids have been removed by sedimentation.

sewage, storm: liquid flowing in sewers during or following a period of heavy rainfall.

sludge: the solids (and accompanying water and organic matter) which are separated from sewage or industrial wastewater in treatment plant facilities. Sludge separation and disposal is one of the major expenses in wastewater treatment operations.

sludge conditioning: a process employed to prepare sludge for final disposal, e.g., thickening, digesting, heat treatment or other procedures.

sludge digestion: the process by which organic or volatile matter in sludge is gasified, liquefied, mineralized, or converted into more stable organic matter through the activities of either anaerobic or aerobic organisms.

sludge disposal: the final disposal of solid wastes including the use of sewage sludge as fertilizers and soil builders, and fill for low-lying lands.

sludge thickening: the increase in solids concentrations of sludge in the sedimentation of digestion tank.

slurry: a watery mixture or suspension of solids.

soda ash: a common water treating chemical, sodium carbonate.

softening: the removal of hardness—calcium and magnesium—from water.

solder: an alloy of lead/tin used for making permanent electrical connections between parts and wire.

solute: the substance that is dissolved to form a solution.

solution: a liquid (solvent) that contains a dissolved substance (solute).

solvent: a liquid used to dissolve another substance.

specific gravity: a comparison by weight to an equal volume of pure water, at a standard temperature.

standard (or standardized solution): a solution containing a known, precise concentration of an element or chemical compound, often used to calibrate analytical chemistry measurement devices.

surface tension: the property, due to molecular forces in the surface film, that tends to contract the liquid into a form having the least surface/volume ratio.

surfactant: a surface-active substance, such as a detergent or soap, that lowers the surface tension of a solvent (usually water).

suspended matter: (1) solids in suspension in water, wastewater or effluent. (2) solids in suspension that can be removed readily by standard filtering procedures in a laboratory.

suspended solids: (1) solids that either float on the surface of, or are in suspension in, water, wastewater, or other liquids, and which are largely removable by laboratory filtering. (2) the quantity of material removed from wastewater in a laboratory test, as prescribed in “Standard Methods” and referred to as nonfilterable residue.

to top

- T -

tertiary treatment: process utilized to remove practically all solids and organic matter from wastewater. Granular activated carbon filtration is a tertiary treatment process. Phosphate removal by chemical coagulation is also regarded as a step in tertiary treatment.

thermistor: a semiconductor whose resistance will vary with temperature.

titration: a method of analyzing the composition of a solution by adding known amounts of a standardized solution until a given reaction (color change, precipitation, or conductivity change) is produced.

tracer: (1) a foreign substance mixed with or attached to a given substance for the determination of the location or distribution of the substance. (2) an element or compound that has been made radioactive so that it can be easily followed (traced) in biological and industrial processes. Radiation emitted by the radioisotope pinpoints its location.

treatment efficiency: usually refers to the percentage reduction of a specific or group of pollutants by a specific wastewater treatment step or treatment plant.

turbidimeter: an instrument for measurement of turbidity in which a standard suspension is used for reference.

turbidity: (1) a condition in water or wastewater caused by the presence of suspended matter, resulting in the scattering and absorption of light rays. (2) a measure of fine suspended matter in liquids. (3) an analytical quantity usually reported in turbidity units (NTU/FNU, FTU, JTU) determined by measurements of light diffraction.

- U -

unsaturated: any chemical compound with more than one bond between adjacent atoms, usually carbon, and thus reactive toward the addition of other atoms at that point; for example: olefins, diolefins, and unsaturated fatty acids.

- V -

valence: the relative ability of a biological substance to react or combine; a positive number that characterizes the combining power of an element for other elements, as measured by the number of bonds to other atoms which one atom of the given element forms upon chemical combination – hydrogen is assigned valence 1, and the valence is the number of hydrogen atoms, or their equivalent, with which an atom of the given element combines.

viscosity: the resistance offered by a fluid (liquid or gas) to flow. The viscosity is a characteristic property and is a measure of the combined effects of adhesion and cohesion.

volatile solids: the quantity of solid in water, wastewater or other liquids, lost on ignition of the dry solids at 600 ^oC.

voltage: the electrical pressure (electromotive force) that makes current flow through a conductor.

volume: the space occupied in three dimensions.

- W -

washdown: water resulting from cleaning of equipment, walls, floors, etc., within a plant.

watt: the practical unit of electrical power.

wire gauge: wire size, measured in diameter.

- X - Y - Z -

zeolite process: an ion-exchange process for softening water. The zeolite exchanges sodium ions for hardness constituents (calcium, magnesium, etc.) in the water.